Pigmentation

Skin pigmentation refers to the natural colouring of the skin, influenced by the presence of a pigment known as melanin. Melanin, synthesised by specialised skin cells called melanocytes, plays an essential role in determining the complexion of our skin, the colour of our hair, and the shade of our eyes. The level and distribution of melanin within the skin are governed by a combination of factors, including genetic predisposition, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and hormonal fluctuations.

Individuals exhibit a broad spectrum of skin pigmentation, leading to diverse skin tones. Imbalances in melanin production or distribution can give rise to a range of skin pigmentation irregularities, including:

Hyperpigmentation: Characterised by localised areas of skin darkening surpassing the surrounding regions due to heightened melanin production. Common manifestations of hyperpigmentation encompass age spots, melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

Hypopigmentation: In contrast, hypopigmentation emerges when skin areas become paler than the adjacent skin, owing to insufficient melanin production. Conditions like vitiligo and certain types of scarring are linked to hypopigmentation occurrences.

Albinism: A genetic condition resulting in limited or absent melanin production, leading to notably light or white skin, hair, and eyes.

Freckles and Moles: Freckles and moles represent localised aggregations of melanin, often manifesting as small dark spots on the skin.

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Causes

The colouration of our skin emanates from melanin, a vital pigment. Melanin is produced by specialized skin cells, and disruptions to these cells can compromise melanin production. Pigmentation issues emerge due to multifaceted influences on melanin’s synthesis, distribution, and control—a pigment essential for determining skin colour. Noteworthy factors encompass:

Sun Exposure: Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation prompts melanin generation as a safeguarding mechanism. This can lead to tanning and, concurrently, uneven melanin production causing hyperpigmentation such as sunspots or melasma.

Genetics: Genetic predisposition significantly shapes both melanin quantum and uniformity of dispersion. Specific ethnic backgrounds may display heightened susceptibility to distinct pigmentation anomalies.

Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations, exemplified during pregnancy (manifesting as melasma or “pregnancy mask”) or contraceptive use, heighten melanin synthesis, resulting in subsequent pigmentation complexities.

Inflammation and Trauma: Skin injuries, inflammation, or acne may yield post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation—excessive melanin production during the reparative process, resulting in darkened patches.

Ageing: With age, the skin’s regulatory capacity over melanin synthesis wanes, often culminating in age spots or irregular pigmentation.

Medical Conditions: Conditions such as vitiligo (melanin loss) or Addison’s disease (excessive pigmentation) can precipitate anomalous skin colouration.

Medications: Certain medications may perturb melanin production or distribution, leading to pigmentation shifts as an unintended outcome.

Environmental Factors: Pollutants and specific chemicals contribute to pigmentation discrepancies.

Cosmetic and Skincare Products: Aggressive skincare interventions, particularly when overexfoliation can induce skin irritation and consequent pigmentation challenges.

Lifestyle Habits: Deficient skincare practices, lack of sun protection, and smoking can exacerbate pigmentation concerns.

Addressing pigmentation issues often mandates a holistic approach encompassing safeguarding strategies, tailored skincare regimens, and where applicable, professional interventions.

EC Aesthetic Clinic London offers the VISIA skin analysis during our skin consultation, which can help us see the skin underneath.

With comprehensive insight into your skin, our specialist can customise an effective treatment plan for you.